How to get over those roadblocks

There are two types of zones: comfort and courage zone. Comfort zone; represent all things in which you've comfortable with your family, home, close friends, college and library. You are familiar with all activities and people, you're safe and secure. But in courage zone, you've not familiar with; new friends, new situations and risks. There is growth and opportunity. Yes, there are risks and you cannot gain if you are not prepared to take risks. You'll never make new friends, know adventure and face a challenge if you can't take risks You will never overcome fear.
Of course you may fall several times trying to do things that you have never tried before but every time you fall, you learn and get closer to your goal. If you were afraid to ask a girl, you really liked, to go out with you. You were afraid, she would reject you. Well, one fine day some other guy from the courage zone did and you lost her. You were a lost opportunity to be with someone you really liked because you were afraid, If you are in comfort zone, you get no rewards simply because you never tried. No risk, go gain.

How to take control of your destiny

People are trying their level best to get successful in their lives. There are some ways to take control of their destiny which are expressed step by step.
YOU ARE WHAT YOU BELIEVE

If you believe you are not attractive to the opposite sex, or that you were not meant to be rich, you probably are not! Such thoughts are learnt some ugly men are very successful with beautiful women. Some poor individuals become incredibly wealthy. If a man believes that he is attractive to women, he will be. If a man believes he is destined to become rich, hex'll become rich. If you believe in failure, you wil be a failure. If you belives in success, then you will succeed. Whether you say you can do sth or you say your can't, youx're right. This is a belief formed in the subconscious at an early age. Any belief of this sort is sth like an aeroplane on autopilot. 

To be continue.....

The Indigenous Ethnic Tharu-2

Thus, we could find different opinions about Tharu origin. In fact,  Tharus are the first indigenous people of Terai and Inner Tarai. Giving stress in it, Bannerghee, NR & Sharma JL have stated that the Tharus have been living from last 2 lakh years and as per DeSeddon; Tharus have been living in Dang valley and nearbly areas from 3 lakh years ago. Further more, G. Modiano and colleagues (1991: cited in Shafey 1997:34) discovered that the Tharus had developed a haemoglobin Varian, aplha0thalassemia, which allowed them to survive the malaria hyperendemicityof the lowland jungle. According to them, it needs continue living more thatn 3000 years in malaria-affected area to develop heamoglobin Varian against malaria. It means that Tharus have been living in Terai and Inner Tarai before last 3000 years. 

           Tharus have own glorious history; indigenous knowledge and culture transformed one descendant to another. They have been sustaining their daily life based on their indigenous kowledge and culture. They have their own language, idendity, tradition, religion, attires, ornaments, festivals, fold song and dances, social norms and values, profession, tec. But at present, most of such all knowledge and culture are gradually vanishing because of negligence of its protection and promotion by the state and Tharu community themeselves. Different examples of exclusion examples by the state and so-called higher caste people are given bellow.

to be continue...

The Indigenous Ethnic Tharu-1

Tharus are main and largest indigenous ethnic people of Terai and Inner Terai living est to west Nepal. They are also found in the boarder district of India, especially in Champaran, Bengal, Gonda, Nainital, Gorakhpur and Kheri district of Utter Pradesh. According to 2001 census data of CBS, Tharus are more than 1.5 million. But Tharus have been questioning the credibility of the census 2001 and claiming that there are more than 3.5 million Tharus in Nepal.
    Regarding on historical identity of indigenous Tharu, different writers have given different opinions. Former attorney general Singh (1988:4) has argued that the followers of Theravade Buddhims were knows as "Sthavir" and from this word name 'Tharu" derived. It is very easy and logical changeover from "Sthavir" to 'Thavir and finally to 'Tharu'. On the other hand, according to Dwivedi (1955:3 cited by Singh 2006) the short form of "Stharu" is "tharu", which means to stay behind. According to him, when Buddha came to Kapilvastu for the first time after being enlightened, all his kinsmen were eager to join the Bhikkhu Sangha, but Buddha did not ordain all ut only the selected few. The rest of them who were left behind to continue with their family life were called "Stharu" or "tharu". According to Itihans Siromano Baburam Acharya (2010) the Tharus are of the Mongolian stock because of their colour and facial appearance, but it does not mean that they came from Mongolia as the passes in the Himalays opened only at the end of the sixth century.

Information Technology in Nepal

Information Technology hepls to develop every aspect of human life like communication, education, research, national defense, global security, and manufacturing. Only in recent years, this understanding has further built up an innovative progress in computer technology. The world has experienced a remarkable change toward an information society guided by the development of the information technology.

History of Dang

Dang is the most developed district and commercial center of Rapti zone. Originally the zonal capital used to be in Dang. Ghorahi and Tulsipur are the main commercial hubs for whole Rapti zone. Because it is located in relatively plain area, the transportation and the communication is much better comapring to other four districts of the zone.
Dang is divided in two parts called Dang and Deukhuri. Dang is the valley while Deukhuri is the Tarai region bordering India. Dang is also the most densely populated area in Rapti zone.
Rapti is a mid-western region of Nepal. It contains five districts: Dang, Rolpa, Rukum Salyan and Pyuthan. Headquarters: Tulsipur (Dang); largest town: Tribhuvannagar (Ghorahi).
Dang district comprises the inner Terai valleys Deukhuri and Dang plus parts of adjacent mountain rainges. The Deukhuri valley is separated from the Gangeatic Plains that begin at the Indian border by one branch of the low Siwalak range, and on the north by the other branch of the Siwalaks. The (West)Rapti River flows the length of Deukhuri after emerging from a gorge through the Mahabharat Range, eventually joining the Karnali River near Gorakhpur, India.
The Dang valley lies between the more northern branch of the Siwalaks and the much higher Mahabharat Range that is generally over 2,000 meters high, occasionally reaching 3,000 meters. Dang Valley is drained by the Babai river, another Karnali tributary.
Until a few decades ago both valleys were extremely malarial and virtually uninhabitable except to the Tharu ethnic group who seem to have evolved a degree of resistance. The government began using DDT to suppress the mosquito vectors, thus this relatively level fertile and well-watered land became useful to settlers from the hills who dispossessed and enslaved the Tharu by various stratagems. 
Pyuthan, Rolpa and Salyan districts are situated in and north of the Mahabharat Range, in the so-called middle hills. Pyuthan district has extensive irrigated rice growing areas inhabited by Brahman-Chetri and Newar castes along Jimruk Khola, an upper tributary of the Rapti. Rolpa district mainly lies along Madi Khola, another upper Rapti tributary that is more eroded into an inner gorge and less useful for irrigation.
Nepal has a population of more than 23 million consisting of more than 70 ethnic groups having different cultures and speaking above 70 languages. In same way dang is also the part of it where we can get various peoples with different religions castes e.t.c. According to some recently calculated figures (based on 1981/1982 census) there are 105146 chettri residing, 50060 brahman, magar 55711, tharu 147328, newar 40954, muslim 4637, damai 12349, thakur 5422 sarki 8226, sanyasi 10065, sherpa 3533, baniya 1688, kumal 6674 dhobi 40, majhi 136, bhote 336, gayene 615, badi 606, adibasi 2262, raute 14, others 10918. . Whatever might be the figures, the perfect harmony maintained beautifully by the peoples despite the religious differences is truly remarkable in Nepal.
Dang is full of cultural wonders. Some of these cultural practices might seem strange to a person without prior-knowledge about what one should expect to see.Rich in religious places, in dang district consists many temples for internal and external tourists, it? includes RamJanaki Mandir-Koilabas, Aambikeswori? Mandir-Aambapur, Gorakhshanath Mandir-Chaughera, Swargadwari mandir-Swargadwari, Bageswori Mandir-Syuja, Dharapani Mandir-Dharna, Dadhita Kura Mandir-Hapur, Kalipa Mandir-Chillikot, Devikot Mandir-Sonpur, Bagar Baba�Rihar. Lakes in dang district are Barhakune Daha, Jakheta Lake, Charinge Daha, Gaurigaun Lake, Jyamera Daha.

Bhrakune Daha Barah Kshetra

This is an ancient natural lake. The lake and Barah deity are complimentary to each other. The place has religious as well as natural significance. Though it is quite natural to get the water collected in the area surrounded by hills but there are so many annals related to the origin of this lake.

According to one the stories some of the cowherds used to build temporary sheds to stay over the place along with their cattle where the lake is now located during the winter season. One day While the cowherds were camping their elderly chief dreamt of an old man suggesting them to leave the place since there was going to be a large lake around the place where they were camping. The chief related the story of his dream to his fellow cowherds and expressed his intention to leave the place. But since the other cowherds, however, were reluctant to accept the fact decided to stay there. The chief took his cattle and shifted to one of the top hills. During the night it suddenly started down pouring with storms.  There was a lake the next day exactly like the old man in the dream of the chief’s dream. Nothing was heard about the cowherds and cattle who had decided to stay at the place.

The priests of this temple are still from Magar community. There is a village named and river Sewar by Barah kshetra. In Magar Kham language a person conducting rituals and worships is called ‘Seware’. According to Bam Kumari Budha, researcher of Magar Kham language, the name Sewar is derived from the very word Seware. The Magar communities of the surrounded have contributed a lot for the care and conduct of the temple since its origination.

Bahra Kune Daha has extended in the area of five hectares. The lake is believed to have emerged at about 1991/92 B.S. Later the siltation process from the feeder streams caused the contraction of the lake. Now the lake is only limited to the eastern part of the wide area. The process of broadening the lake, reinventing the twelve corners and construction of a dam have completed with the support of Ghorahi municipality and District Development committee Dang.

Bahrakune Barah Kshetra is one of the important religious destinations of mid-western region. There is the custom or tradition of making offering of lamb at the southern part of the lake. People come here to cleanse or bathe in the lake and worship lord Barah. The process is believed to be the way of salvation. Hundreds of pilgrims arrive here from Mangsir to Magh (November to January). On the last day of Paush and 1^st day of Magh a large fair is organized here. At that time pilgrims from the hilly parts of Nepal as well as from India arrive here. There is a historical place called Maulakot to the northern top and to the west there is a wetland area called Jyamire Daha. Maulakot is significant for trekking and Jyamire Daha is for the study of diversity of flora and fauna.

Charinge Daha

Charinge Daha is natural lake. The land area more than 7o bighas of     Rampur Buka has been getting irrigated for many years. The irrigation project was completed by Small Irrigation Project i 2040 BS. Charinge Daha is one of  the famous tourist has the possibility of rural village observation, biodiversity studies, trekking and sight seeing.  It is situated at the eastern part of Dang district. The lake is the origin of historically famous because it is the origin of Sarayu River. During Treta Yuga, Sita, the chief female character had penanced here to get Shree Rama as her husband. When God Rama visited the place they finally met each other.  There is a cave called Sita Gufa at the altitude of 950 metres. The hill top of Karmakot is stuated at 1250 metres from sea level from where another lake called Bhote Daha can be viewed.

Jakhera Tal

In local Tharu language the place where the rain water gets collected is called Jakhera. Sonpur VDC area of Deukhuri valley was normally dry and late Dibu Chaudhary of Sonpur initiated the construction of muddy dam around 60-65 years ago to collect the rain water for the irrigation of the area. The people of Sonpur, Tikligarh, Falkapur and Shreegaun supported the task. Later the deforestation and consequent soil erosion led to the siltation of the lake until the District land conservation project initiated the conservation of Siwalik range around 2049/50 BS.  In 2054/55 the task of watershed conservation and lake construction was started.  District land conservation unit, Community Sustainable Development Grant program, District Agricultural Development Office Dang, District Forest Office Dang, Rural Reconstruction Nepal Dang and the Consumers of the villages around this area supported the project. 

The lake area is surrounded by the green forests that are being conserved by the community forest consumer groups. The water collected in the lake is being utilized for irrigation along with the tourist development. Boating, fishery and picnic spot are now the main source of income of the area. There is another important aspect of the development of trekking route to Dharmadwari hill to the north of Jakhera Lake. The spot has the possibility of development as an important tourist destination since all the government offices, non-government organizations and local bodies are committed to work for this place. 

Bagaar Baba Religious Area

One of the the Yadus of Mathura Vrindvana lord Krishna’ son Pradhyumna and Pradhyumna’s son Anirudra married to the daughter of Vanasura, Sushma, during the Dwapara Yuga. To escape from the Asura Lord Krishna had fled from Mathura to Kathmandu along with a cowherd named Rasolhi with a flock of cattle. Rasolhi and his siter Meghavati and his nephew Parasu entered into the valley of Deukhuri and began rearing their cattle building a shed in Ahiranakhuti. The main place for the cattle grazing at that time was basically centred to Sugawa (Sunari). Later as the salt was found in Bangadbelhari, now known as Rihar, the cattle began going to Rihar almost everyday to lick the salty water. So, the maternal uncle of Parasu, Rasolhi, put up a shed in Rihar itself. They also established Bagar Baba for the protection of those cattle. The deity to protect the cattle used to be regarded as Bagarbaba.

            On the other hand the myth is related to Dangisharana, the Tharu King. At a certain time lord Krishna had come to do away with the conflict between Dangisharana and Rasolhi and Parasu five thousand three hundred and seventeen years ago. After the arrival of Lord Krishna, Menaka (the horse) flew to the heaven as she was emancipated. While departing Menaka had ordered the Tharus to worship the image of female horse on their yard, So the Tharus still worship the image of the horse.  

            At the same time a stone image of leader bull of 9 lakh cattle was established and worshipping was begun. At the mean time ‘Saurin’ married uncle Rasolhi and there was the tradition of brides staying at their parental home after the marriage. Thus, ‘Saurin’ also stayed back at her parental home. When she was old enough to go home, Rasolhi went to fetch her but on his way he met some nymphs and stayed with them.

            Later when lord Krishna came to see Rihar Saurin welcomed him with butter and yoghurt. Lord Krishna blessed her to be worshipped as ‘Balyogini’ since she was married but she had never had any sexual relationship. She is also regarded as ‘Bal Brahmacharini’.

            When Bhaine Parasu and his wife Imriti saw cows eating shit and virgins choosing their husband they realized the approach of Kali Yuga and went into permanent Samadhi. There is Parasu temple still there. The temple of Mami Saurin is still there. The people of Yadu race come here for Tikaripujan (picnic) on Jyestha Purnima (Full Moon). A fair is held organized on the first day of Magh every year.

            Since the Tharu people used to take their cattle to feed salt to ‘Bagar Baba’ the worshipping at this temple. So, the Tharu people are believed to have started the worship of this temple. There are two separate places for offering lambs and fruits. But there is a separate place for Yadus to conduct their religious activities.

            To the west of Rihar Mami ‘Saurin’ used to store ghee and the clay still has the scent in it.  Thus, Rihar has the possibility of getting established as an attractive tourist destination. Yogi Narahir Nath had conducted ‘Koti Homa’ in 2056 at this place. This shows the religious significance of the place.

Banglachuli Lake

Among the various tourist heritages of Dang Banglachuli Lake is quite significant for the view point of sightseeing of the mountainous range from, observation of the rural hilly settlements, study and preservation of biodiversity and trekking. The local people also call this hill top ‘Jhankri Dungako Lek’ (The Hill Top of shaman stone), where black stones can be seen that is believed to have been triggered by a Jhakri (shaman). According to folk belief the hill top has been named ‘Banglachuli’ since ‘Bangla’ means huge and ‘Chuli’ means peak. It is supposed to be the highest hill top of the area.

            Many years back the peak used to be surrounded by huge jungle of oak trees but gradually the jungle eroded. Consequently the 12/15 households of the dalits (Especially the traditional shoemakers) were forced to shift away from this place due to the lack of sufficient agricultural yielding. In around 2015/16 BS, some white people had laid the landmark and had put white banner but now the marking pillar has been taken off. Just a bamboo marking has been put up there to mark the place. 

Chamere Gufa

Chamere Gufa situated at the altitude of 1230 metres above the sea level is also regarded as Chamere Gufa, Jhakri Gufa, and Siddha Gufa by the local people. The cave is named after the bats since the cave is the habitat of innumerable bats. This naturally made cave is situated among the jungle in the slope land of Mahabharat range. If we glance at the water resources to the east of the cave it seems that the water played quite import role for the formation of the cave. Drops of the water can be noticed dripping off the top of the cave even these days. The inner view of the cave makes us feel the cave to be an ancient cave.

             According the local elderly people a person named Juthe Khanal of Ghorneti had disappeared while grazing his cattle and had returned after a week with the book of Veda in his hand. The people believed him to have been hidden inside the cave thus the cave got its name Jhakri Gufa. Some others believe the cave to have been used by the saints for penance thus the cave is regarded as Siddha Cave as well.

            The origination and finding of the cave is unrecorded but the name of Chamere Gufa has been mentioned in an article by Megh Raj Upadhyaya Nyaupane entitled ‘Geography of Dang Deukhuri published by of Nepal Sanskrit University in 2027. After that the public interest increased about the cave.

            The height of internal part of the Gufa is 30 metres, the length is 16 metres and the breadth of the internal part of the cave is 6.5 metres. Various paths can be used to reach the cave. The path from Ghorahi to Tulsipur 23 metres and then 1.5 hours uphill footpath is one and the other path is Parseni via Bamnai, Betanya, Banhari. The next path is from Tulsipur to Salyan road via Harneti, Chiuri Danda. The most of the visitors use path from Rakshachaur Ghorneti Tarule to Tarule. The cave is situated on the top of Gwar Khola and Kalakhola. The area is attractive with the scenery of beautiful hill tops, clean water resources and the cave.

            Chamere Gufa is believed to have been used as their shelter by the prehistoric humans since some stone weapons have been around the cave. The cave is important from the view point of archaeological studies. Prof. Ram Niwas Pandey of Tribhuvan University excavated Paleolithic weapon from Hapur Khola and Neolithic weapon from Katuki while in his study. During 1983 -1985 Gudron Korbinsons from Evlagen University of Germany had conducted her archaeological research in Dangand Deukhuri valleys and found Paleolithic weapons. Rendy Holland of Borgan University Norway had also conducted excavation around this area. Similarly Janak Lal Sharma had found a stone weapon from the bank of Gwar khola in 1970. Dr. Shiva Kumar Subedi of Dang had found some improvised stone axe of Neolithic period. A team of experts from Kathmandu University and local researchers of Dang have recently carried out preliminary observation and research of this cave. They have pointed out to the prehistoric designing and scripts inside the cave.

            The cave contains 4 storeys. There is a spacious hall on the ground floor and is quite damp. The hall may take about one thousand people in it. In the first floor there are sufficient spaces for beds. In the 2^nd and 3^rd floors there are mini cabins. A cemented stairs have been constructed up to the entrance gate of the cave. The inside of the cave has been electrified and 3 flights of iron ladder with railings have been put up. Different figures can be seen inside the cave. The cave further needs to be researched scientifically and publicized widely for its development as well for the financial progress of the people around.

Pandaveshwar Shiva Temple

The historical background of Pandaveshwar Shiva Temple has been associated with Pauranic period. Various myths associated to the origin of this religious place can be found from the local. According to one of the myths, in Dwapara Yuga, lord Krishna having relieving the world of the evils the Pandavas along with Draupadi were on the way to Uttarapanth (Northern Part) had meditated and worshipped Lord Shiva at this place. Thus, the name of this place is Pandaveshwar derived from Pandavas (Sharma, 2063:100). It has not been so long since the place has been discovered. According to the locals there used to be dense forest just 150 years ago. Once the indigenous Tharu people were in the jungle for collecting firewood for their great festival ‘Maghi’ a Tharu person cut a Saaj tree for the whole day but it didn’t fall down. He then went for the second day but the cut off mark on the tree had disappeared. He was astonished thinking that there must have some sort of sprit. He gathered together the other villagers and while searching under the tree leaves they found Paadpeeth, Shivalinga, footmark of Nandi, eyes of tiger on stone, Bishnu Paduka and Jalakund on a single stone. The spread the news of the finding of the Saaj tree and Shivalinga as well as other religious objects around the village. One day, Man Bahadur Chaudhary, a local of Guruwagaun found unconscious at Chisapani while he was collecting the firewood along with other fellows. On the next day he became alright only after the villagers get him bathed in Babai (sarayu) river and offered the holy water to the to the Shivalinga under the saj tree. While protecting the area they were fencing the place by a wall the saj tree slowly slides away from the wall. Now the tree is tilted towards south.

            Every year a huge fairn gets organized at this temple. Akshaya Tritiya, Janai Purnima, Balachaturdashi the pilgrims are crowded. Different religious-cultural events are organized here like marriage, Vratabandh, Rudree, Lakshavartika etc. The local as well as national visitors visit this place. Pilgrims from India visit this place.

Purandhara Water Falls

The Purandhara waterfall is situated in Purandhara Village Development committee 8, in the jungle area. This is a natural falls. The stream of kalapanikhola falls off from the height of 45 metres striking the rock that has made the falls. It is situated at the bank of Babai River. The falls enters into the enormous water mass of the Babai River itself. The place is quite attractive because of the dense forest, the run off of Babai River, chirping sounds of the birds mixing up with the sound of the falls. In early days the local people used to call this fall Purano Dhara, Old Water Fall which later on became Purnadhara. The name of the VDC is named after this waterfall. Nobody knows so far about the evolution of this waterfall. The waterfall is created by the water of Kalapani khola falling 45 meters at the bank of Babai River. There is small emerald green pond at the base of the water fall where it is believed that a serpent with pearl on the head comes out at mid-night. According to the local residents once some of the foreigner tourists had waited the whole night in order find out about the serpent with pearl but it didn’t come out that night.

            There is a cave close to the water fall. In about 2040-45 BS an elderly saint from Halchaur, Salyan had penance for six months living only on fruits. But now some of the part of the cave has come off. There are other small caves near the water fall where various different statues like images can be seen. The caves are moist with the drops of water continuously trickling down.

            The father of one of the residents of Purandhara, Mohan Lal Bharati, used to sit and carve the stone images near the water fall. Later on he himself became the Yogi and stayed in the hermitage nearby from 2039 t0 2045.

            The waterfall has the possibility of changing into a significant tourist destination since the area is rich biodiversity, natural sightseeing, , short distance mini hill trekking. The place also can be developed as the research field for the study of crocodiles. The area can be developed in integrated way with Babai river crocodile watching, Devidanda women community forest with diverse flora and fauna, Sunkauli and Argale hills sightseeing.

            There is a place called Hataru Basa on the way to the water fall from Bagarpur Bazaar. According to the local people, the tradesmen, horse riders from Salyan used to stay here on their way to or from Nepalgunj.  

            The spot is important from religious point of view as well. Around a kilometer towards northeast there lies the origin of the waterfall, Kalapanikhola and by the stream lies a Shiva temple. Every year on the day of Shiva Ratri huge fair is held here. Pilgrims from Rolpa, Salyan, Bheri Zone and from India visit this place on this occasion.

            There used to be a wetland area about 20years ago where there is a Shiva temple now. The area was surrounded with dense forest. Later the forest slowly and gradually depleted. There were some small kutis to the west of the temple. When one of the females gave birth to a baby, the wetland began drying up. The lower part of the waterfall fell the same year in about 2047/48 according Purna Bahadur Bhandari, member of Touristy Waterfall Service Centre. There is a square faced self made altar in Purandhara. There are banana trees at the four corners of the altar. The number of the banana plans have neither increased nor decreased since 2037 according to local resident 65 years old Dhan bahadur Budhathoki.

            Purandhara waterfall is even more attractive since it is surrounded by other attractive touristy panorama. The waterfall has the danger of eroding if not taken initiations for its protection. It is also quite necessary to improve 12 km long road for the easy access of the tourists. In order to develop the economic, socio-cultural life of the western part of Dang the infrastructure should be developed and the water fall must be conserved and promoted.